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Spectrum Access Systems (SASs) and similar systems coordinate access to shared radio frequency bands to efficiently allocate the use of spectrum between users in a locality. To fill the need for dense spectrum occupancy information, SASs will utilize crowdsourced data from nodes outside the SAS’s control. This crowdsourcing of data, however, makes the SAS vulnerable to many types of attacks. The attacks covered in this paper include copying and manipulating existing data to create a Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification (SSDF) attack. We propose methods to identify two categories of easily implemented SSDF attacks and show the proposed methods to be both effective and efficient. Further, we recommend that the proposed techniques be used in conjunction with other SSDF thwarting methods that use statistics, probability, or machine learning, and can identify a wider range of SSDF attacks, albeit more slowly and less reliably than the proposed methods can identify the specific types of SSDF attacks for which they are effective. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of discerning diverse forms of manipulated data while maintaining pace with the influx of incoming data. The ability to identify manipulated data rapidly without imposing undue strain on a centrally aggregated system helps reduce the number of ways to create a potentially successful SSDF attack and increases the accuracy of determining the radio transmission activity of a Primary User (PU). Several methods are explored and evaluated for identifying copied or manipulated spectrum data. We recommend utilizing an exact match identification algorithm with Elasticsearch to search for exact copies of spectrum data. Additionally, we recommend utilizing a cosine similarity function with Elasticsearch to search for manipulated spectrum data and exact copies when sufficient computational resources are available. 

The U.S. Government is in the process of implementing 2012 recommendations by the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) [1] to share federal spectrum with non-federal users, a process that is projected to result in a Trillion dollars in societal benefits as well as related employment for millions. Related competitions such as DARPA’s Spectrum Challenge and Spectrum Collaboration Challenge [2] encourage innovative approaches and help prepare the STEM professionals who will develop effective spectrum sharing radios and networks as well as spectrum access systems needed to realize the PCAST vision. We describe experience gained and lessons learned through organization of two international radio spectrum coexistence competitions. In addition, we present an assessment of these competitions based on analysis of participant survey item responses addressing self-efficacy and engagement as well as participant recommendations. We identify and discuss several important considerations in organizing and hosting this type of competition. These considerations include infrastructure comprising both hardware and software, recruitment of sponsors, timing of funding and publicity for the competition, recruitment of participants and advisors, software and hardware documentation and ease of use, technical support, logistics for the final competition, and documentation of the competition, in particular the final competition, for use in publicizing the next year’s competition, if held yearly. 

We propose a novel educational gamification approach that employs and reinforces otherwise abstract concepts currently taught in graduate-level courses to become a standard part of undergraduate communications courses in the future. In particular, we develop software tools that visually demonstrate relevant wireless communications parameters and processes, including those already taught in undergraduate communications courses (e.g., power, modulation type, data rate and bandwidth, coding rate) to students in an interactive way. We exploit our Internet-accessible wireless communication testbed X to enable students to experience wireless communication challenges and learn different solutions in realistic environments via an ordinary web browser. This paper presents our approach to authentic STEM learning and compares it with other past and ongoing initiatives. We conclude that there is a gap of practical teaching tools and methods for educating students as well as radio engineers and researchers about new trends in wireless communications with a focus on spectrum sharing.